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Development of Chinese Martial Arts: The Influence of Wuju System’s Establishment in the Sui and Tang Dynasties
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
1-4
Received:
26 October 2021
Accepted:
20 December 2021
Published:
15 January 2022
Abstract: Wuju system, also known as Wuke, was began in Tang Dynasty, the second year when Wu Zetian became empress. However, it was abolished in the 27th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty and has lasted for more than 1,200 years. As one of the main ways to select martial arts talents in feudal China, it has had a profound impact on the development of martial arts. In Sui Dynasty, martial arts were prohibited, then, there emerged some informal systems to select martial arts talents. Wuju system was formed in Tang Dynasty, completed in Song Dynasty, developed in Ming Dynasty, finally abolished in Qing Dynasty. Even though, it improved the selection criteria for talents that are adept with both the pen and the sword. However, with the successive invasions of Western colonists, the traditional martial arts are clearly no longer suitable for the needs of modern warfare. The abolition of Wuju system caused a fierce debate in the imperial court, but it was finally abolished. Wuju system has had a positive impact on the development of martial arts, but at the same time, due to the limitations of itself, to some extent, it has slowed the developmental pace of martial arts. Therefore, we must absorb the essence and discard the dregs of Wuju system, studying it from different perspectives, drawing on the experience of the past and providing some references for the future development of martial arts.
Abstract: Wuju system, also known as Wuke, was began in Tang Dynasty, the second year when Wu Zetian became empress. However, it was abolished in the 27th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty and has lasted for more than 1,200 years. As one of the main ways to select martial arts talents in feudal China, it has had a profound impact on the development of martial ...
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Multidirectional Hop Landings Exceed Osteogenic Thresholds with and with Instruction Withdrawn in Premenopausal Women
Tracey Leigh Clissold,
John Barry Cronin,
Mary Jane De Souza,
Daniel Wilson,
Paul William Winwood
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
5-13
Received:
26 November 2021
Accepted:
14 December 2021
Published:
9 February 2022
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify ground reaction forces across all planes of motion and determine the influence of instruction associated with vertical, forward and lateral hop landings in premenopausal women. Bilateral jump-landings have previously been the focus in this population with forces quantified primarily in the vertical direction. There is a need to understand and quantify the landing forces for different types of exercises to determine their osteogenic potential as a stimulus for bone development across the life stages, in addition to identifying at risk populations. Such exercises could help to build a better skeleton, and maintenance of that would decrease the susceptibility to fractures and osteoporosis in later years. Twenty-one women [Mean (SD): 43.3 (5.9) yr; 69.4 (9.6) kg; 167 (5.5) cm; 27.5 (8.7) % body fat] performed a testing session ‘with instruction’ followed by a testing session performed one week later with ‘instruction withdrawn’. The resultant magnitudes (4.02 to 4.93 body weights, BW’s) and rates of strain (237 to 319, body weights per second, BW/s), exceeded previously determined jump-landings thresholds (>3BW’s and >43BW/s, respectively) that have achieved bone gains in this population. Jump-type effects were observed, with larger peak vertical and resultant forces (↑10% to ↑14%; p ≤.001, BW) produced for the vertical hop. Significant differences (p ≤.001) were detected for hop landing ground reaction force’s across all planes of motion (19% to 93%) suggesting that each landing type provides a different type of force distribution as required to optimize bone stimulation. These multidirectional hop-landings represent a unique training stimulus for premenopausal women and exceed osteogenic thresholds thought pre-requisite for bone growth.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify ground reaction forces across all planes of motion and determine the influence of instruction associated with vertical, forward and lateral hop landings in premenopausal women. Bilateral jump-landings have previously been the focus in this population with forces quantified primarily in the vertical directio...
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Heart Rate Variability Metrics from Commercial Devices Predicts Strength and Cardiovascular Performance in a Military Cohort
Kaela Hierholzer,
Robert Briggs,
Michael Tolston,
Nicholas Mackowski,
Maegan O’Connor,
Kristyn Barrett,
Roger Smith,
Jason Eckerle,
Adam Strang
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
14-23
Received:
1 February 2022
Accepted:
16 February 2022
Published:
25 February 2022
Abstract: Heart rate variability (HRV) has become popular for assessing improvements in physical fitness, performance, and recovery. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of HRV metrics to predict strength and cardiovascular performance in a military cohort using data obtained from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) wearables. (1) Methods: Twenty-four active-duty military personnel (17 males; 7 females), ranging from age 23 to 41 (32.70 ± 4.65), were equipped with a Whoop Strap 3.0, a Garmin Fenix 5, and an Omegawave during a 12-week exercise intervention study. For this experiment researchers focused solely on HRV metrics obtained on scheduled “Gameday” competitions that occurred periodically during the intervention and contained a battery for strength, power, and cardiovascular performance tests. (2) Statistical Analysis: HRV metrics fitted with linear mixed models and applied to a composite strength variable derived following interrogation of performance tests with principal component analysis (PCA). Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was also used to compare cardiovascular and strength metrics. (3) Results: Results indicated that standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN)] obtained from Omegawave was the best overall predictor of performance (AIC > 5.00). (4) Conclusion: Our analyses demonstrated that traditional metrics obtained with the Omegawave were the best performance predictors. HRV measured by Omegawave immediately prior to Gameday assessment was inversely related with strength performance, suggesting that a lower HRV was associated with higher performance (p = 0.002). These findings demonstrate the potential influence of timing and raw values utilized on HRV interpretation to predict strength and cardiovascular performance.
Abstract: Heart rate variability (HRV) has become popular for assessing improvements in physical fitness, performance, and recovery. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of HRV metrics to predict strength and cardiovascular performance in a military cohort using data obtained from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) wearables. (1) Methods: Twenty-...
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The Effect of Core Strength Training on 14-Year-Old Soccer Players' Agility, Anaerobic Power, and Speed
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
24-28
Received:
17 January 2022
Accepted:
14 February 2022
Published:
25 February 2022
Abstract: The football players must be physically fit, technically adept, strategically well-equipped, and mentally prepared to withstand the pressures of the game. Among those essential components, physical fitness is the basis. So, coaches implemented aerobics, strength, and power training for large muscle groups. However, the core muscles, which assist maintain balance, transform stored energy into explosive strength, and enable robust kicking and leaping activities, have received little attention. The goal of this study is to investigate how core strength training improves soccer players' agility, muscular power, and speed. We utilized a true patterned experimental design and randomly selected 13 players as the control group (CG) and 13 players as the experimental group (EG). A pre-test was conducted by both groups' players (agility, anaerobic power and speed tests). In addition to the standard soccer training program, the EG was utilized for core strength training twice a week for three months, for 30 to 35 minutes each day. The coach only implemented regular soccer training on the CG. We repeated the measurements three months later on the same parameter. And agility grew considerably (MD in TT of EG was 0.738) at P = 0.000, the difference between MD in TT of CG 0.3769 at P = 0.005 and MD in TT of CG 0.3769 at P = 0.005 is reasonably significant. IAT's pre- and post-test mean of EG and CG do not differ significantly, other than their great improvement. However, both groups' IAT results improved significantly (MD and P value of EG in was significantly decreased by a MD of 0.381, P 0.00. and 0.3685, P 0.017 in case of CG). EG’s anaerobic power (before and after MD and P value in VJT) was .06 at P = 0.000, which was larger than CG's MD of .0254 at P = .038. Furthermore, the pre and post MD and P values in the SLJT of EG and CG are .1161 at P = 0.003 and .0308 at P = .052, respectively. Furthermore, in the 10m dash test of EG and CG, the MD and P value of the speed test were .1392 at P .020 and .1206 at P .020, respectively. In the 40-meter dash speed test, EG and CG had pre and post MD of .2015 at P .008 and .1293 at P .010, respectively. Generally, three months of core strength training increased the speed, power, and agility of 14-year-old EG much more than CG.
Abstract: The football players must be physically fit, technically adept, strategically well-equipped, and mentally prepared to withstand the pressures of the game. Among those essential components, physical fitness is the basis. So, coaches implemented aerobics, strength, and power training for large muscle groups. However, the core muscles, which assist ma...
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