Research Article
Mathematical Modelling and Optimal Control of Tuberculosis Transmission Dynamics in Werder District, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia
Tasew Ayele Taddese*,
Tsega Mhretab Gebre Silase,
Tsegaw Muche Tessema,
Sadam Dawud Adem
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-22
Received:
18 January 2025
Accepted:
13 June 2025
Published:
16 January 2026
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria (tubercle bacilli) and spreads through the air from an infectious person to a susceptible person. This research aims to investigate the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis (TB) using a mathematical model with optimal control and to estimate the reproduction number in the Werder district of the Somali regional state. To achieve the objective of the study, we employed different mathematical tools and available cumulative case data from the Werder district of the Somali regional state health officials. The model is developed using a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and basic reproduction number is determine to perform analysis for both local and global stability of the equilibrium points of the model. In addition to this, sensitivity analysis is studied based on the reproduction number to reveal influential parameters of transmission dynamics of tuberculosis. Then the optimal control strategy was found by minimizing the number of exposed and infected individual populations with tuberculosis taking into account the cost of implementation. The existence of optimal control and characterization was established with the help of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle and we conducted different numerical simulation cases to see agreements with analytical results. Moreover, the model was calibrated with real data collected from the Werder district of the Somali regional state health office from 2016 – 2022. The simulation results also clearly shown that the tuberculosis can be minimized by applying TB prevention programs to susceptible individuals and preventing the failure of treatment in active tuberculosis individuals through continuous supervision and helping patients during treatment period with optimal implementation cost. Furthermore, the optimal control model also predicted that tuberculosis is under control in Werder district.
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria (tubercle bacilli) and spreads through the air from an infectious person to a susceptible person. This research aims to investigate the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis (TB) using a mathematical model with optimal control and to estimate the reproduction n...
Show More
Research Article
Education the Impact of Sexual Violence on the Community of Desa Walando
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
23-27
Received:
30 September 2025
Accepted:
16 October 2025
Published:
30 January 2026
Abstract: This Study Cases of violence against children increase every year, both in urban and rural areas. This is a warning to the people of Walando village to take preventive steps. This community service is carried out through educational activities aimed at the Walando village community, especially at school-age teenagers and parents. This Community Service activity program aims to improve and strengthen parental supervision efforts regarding children's social sphere in social life. The form of this community service activity is by providing outreach activities to the Walando village community by providing information, direction and understanding related to social problems that frequently and frequently occur in the community as well as the negative impacts that can be detrimental to themselves and the community itself. Besides that, this socialization activity also provides understanding regarding preventive measures and efforts. And the results obtained from this community service are that the people of Walando village are more alert in carrying out their routine lives because there are not only binding sanctions, both legal sanctions, but also customary sanctions that apply in Walando village.
Abstract: This Study Cases of violence against children increase every year, both in urban and rural areas. This is a warning to the people of Walando village to take preventive steps. This community service is carried out through educational activities aimed at the Walando village community, especially at school-age teenagers and parents. This Community Ser...
Show More
Research Article
Forest Gap Management System: A Progressive Web Application for Real-Time Forest Canopy Gap Assessment and Classification
Kato Samuel Namuene*
,
Njang Ayem Cynthia
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
28-47
Received:
3 January 2026
Accepted:
13 January 2026
Published:
30 January 2026
Abstract: Forest canopy gaps play a crucial role in forest dynamics, biodiversity maintenance, and ecosystem regeneration. Traditional gap assessment methods often involve manual data collection followed by post-fieldwork computational analysis, creating temporal delays and potential data integrity issues. This paper presents a novel Progressive Web Application (PWA) designed to streamline forest gap measurement, classification, and data management in real-time field conditions. The application implements two complementary measurement methodologies; the ellipse approximation and grid-quadrat methods, alongside automated Brokaw's classification system. Developed using modern web technologies, the PWA features robust offline functionality, low resource demands (e.g., 1.2 s initial load time, 2.4 MB offline cache, minimal battery impact), and full cross-platform compatibility. The Progressive Web App (PWA) is available at the following URL: https://gap-dynamics-app.onrender.comField validation in Korup National Park (n=303 gaps) confirmed high agreement between methods (Pearson r=0.997, explaining 99.4% of variance; mean bias -17 units, 95% limits of agreement -24 to -10 units), with the ellipse method showing an 11.7% systematic underestimation suitable for calibration or complementary use. Compared to paper-based approaches, the digital app achieved a 47% reduction in time per gap (from 8.4 to 4.5 minutes), complete elimination of transcription errors, data loss, and classification errors, and immediate data availability. User acceptance was very high (mean ratings 4.6-5.0/5), with qualitative feedback emphasizing efficiency, reliability, and data quality. The open-architecture design facilitates adaptation to diverse ecosystems, while the PWA framework ensures accessibility without installation barriers. This tool represents a significant advancement in digital forestry, enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and reliability in tropical forest research.
Abstract: Forest canopy gaps play a crucial role in forest dynamics, biodiversity maintenance, and ecosystem regeneration. Traditional gap assessment methods often involve manual data collection followed by post-fieldwork computational analysis, creating temporal delays and potential data integrity issues. This paper presents a novel Progressive Web Applicat...
Show More
