Research Article
A Proposal for the Reaction Force in the Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation
Paolo Tritella*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
33-40
Received:
3 October 2025
Accepted:
17 January 2026
Published:
24 April 2026
Abstract: An equation for the radiation reaction force is proposed that does not violate causality and produces fairly intuitive
results. The equivalence principle is solved. The radiating charge appears to be in an excited state. This may seem strange,
but the Compton effect seems to confirm this assumption. Applications are made to the most relevant cases of electromagnetic
radiation emission. The results appear to confirm the correctness of the assumptions made. Motion with a constant electric field
yields results that are as one would expect. Motion under the action of a constant magnetic field occurs with the same frequency
obtained previously, and the approximation required due to the complexity of the calculations yields the spiral motion already
obtained in a previous publication starting from different assumptions. Free motion without external forces is discussed, and in
addition to uniform rectilinear motion, there is a motion that brings the charge to rest, as one would expect. A simple numerical
application is suggested for experimental verification. The key point is that, compared to classical electromagnetism, used by
all previous authors, an axiom has been added that solves the problem. Evidently, the axioms of classical electromagnetism are
not sufficient to derive an expression for the reaction force, for which one must rely on experience. The Compton effect seems
to confirm the hypotheses assumed. Before emission, the electron is off-shell, in a virtual state in which it has the extra energy
required by the formula we used. Therefore, the additional energy required is not pure fantasy, or an assumption to be verified,
one of the mysteries and wonders of quantum mechanics.
Abstract: An equation for the radiation reaction force is proposed that does not violate causality and produces fairly intuitive
results. The equivalence principle is solved. The radiating charge appears to be in an excited state. This may seem strange,
but the Compton effect seems to confirm this assumption. Applications are made to the most relevant case...
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Review Article
Methane Emissions from Dairy Production Systems: Sources, Drivers, Environmental Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies: A Review
Mebratu Mesfin,
Ediris Abdulkadir*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
41-50
Received:
28 September 2026
Accepted:
8 October 2026
Published:
23 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20260902.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Methane is the main important greenhouse gas that emitted into the atmosphere by livestock during the process of enteric fermentation and manure management. Developing countries produce a large quantity of those emissions, caused mainly by inefficient animal rearing systems, feed production and manure management. Methane is emitted from livestock in developing countries and the mitigation actions that could be put in place to reduce atmospheric emissions and increase animal productivity. Developing countries are characterized by low Greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere and their potential impact on global climate have become important concerns world-wide. The impact of methane in industrialized countries, the situation is the opposite of developing countries. Livestock production systems, such as dairy farms, provide in both sinks and sources for greenhouse gas. Methane is produced during the anaerobic fermentation of hydrolyzed dietary carbohydrates in the rumen and represents an energy loss to the host besides contributing to emissions of greenhouse gases into the environment. The methane mitigation strategies require robust prediction of emissions from rumen and Diets high in concentrates can result in a lower emission of methane. Also diets with a high content of starch, such as alfalfa-grass, have a methane-decreasing. It is profitable to reduce enteric methane formation since that form of methane is unavoidably lost. Methane emissions from manure, on the other hand, are possible to reduce during storage and manure-derived methane can also be collected and used as biogas fuel. It is earlier shown that it is possible by dietary means to compensate a reduced enteric methane production by a higher or maintained production of methane from manure. The Therefore, improved feeding systems in dairy farms and provision of knowledge about methane emission transfer to dairy farmers are some of control strategies which contributes in methane gas reduction.
Abstract: Methane is the main important greenhouse gas that emitted into the atmosphere by livestock during the process of enteric fermentation and manure management. Developing countries produce a large quantity of those emissions, caused mainly by inefficient animal rearing systems, feed production and manure management. Methane is emitted from livestock i...
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