Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen

Abowei Bright Kenyas; Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde; Titus Ndiele Amadi; Jaja Zina

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13

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Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen

Abowei Bright Kenyas

, Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde

, Titus Ndiele Amadi

, Jaja Zina^*

Published in American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 14, Issue 5)

Received: 15 September 2026 Accepted: 4 October 2026 Published: 23 October 2026

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Abstract

Hydrocarbon pollution of soil remains one of the most critical environmental challenges in oil-producing regions such as the Niger Delta, where crude oil exploration, transportation, and refining activities frequently result in environmental contamination. This study investigated the remediation of hydrocarbon-impacted soil using CLOGEN, a locally developed electro-ionic biopolymer formulated by Andelsta Ltd. and approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria under Patent No. R.16273. Laboratory and field investigations were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of CLOGEN in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. Site characterization revealed that the soil lithology consisted of sand, sandy clay, silty clay, coarse sand, and fine sand, with the site predominantly classified as a clay-based soil. The fine-grained clay structure exhibited low effective porosity and a high affinity for petroleum hydrocarbons due to strong adsorption characteristics. The nitrate concentration in the soil ranged from 10.06 mg/kg to 27.42 mg/kg, while ammonium concentration reached a maximum value of 11.018 mg/kg, indicating low nitrogen availability and the need for nutrient supplementation during remediation to maintain an optimum carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus (C:N:P) ratio for microbial activity. Initial TPH concentrations ranged from 454 mg/kg to 8,528 mg/kg, exceeding the permissible limit of 1,000 mg/kg established by the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). Soil samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine changes in physicochemical properties and microbiological activity. The results revealed a substantial reduction in TPH concentrations, with remediation efficiency reaching up to 96%, thereby reducing contamination levels to within regulatory standards. Furthermore, the remediation process enhanced microbial population density and improved soil nutrient balance, indicating the capability of CLOGEN to restore ecological functionality in hydrocarbon-impacted soils. Overall, the findings demonstrate that CLOGEN is an effective and environmentally sustainable remediation agent for petroleum-polluted environments in the Niger Delta.

Published in	American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 14, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13
Page(s)	169-177
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

CLOGEN, TPH, HYPREP, NOSDRA, Niger Delta, Remediation

References

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APA Style

Kenyas, A. B., Dagde, K. K., Amadi, T. N., Zina, J. (2026). Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 14(5), 169-177. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13

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ACS Style

Kenyas, A. B.; Dagde, K. K.; Amadi, T. N.; Zina, J. Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2026, 14(5), 169-177. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13

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AMA Style

Kenyas AB, Dagde KK, Amadi TN, Zina J. Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen. Am J Chem Eng. 2026;14(5):169-177. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13,
  author = {Abowei Bright Kenyas and Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde and Titus Ndiele Amadi and Jaja Zina},
  title = {Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {169-177},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20261405.13},
  abstract = {Hydrocarbon pollution of soil remains one of the most critical environmental challenges in oil-producing regions such as the Niger Delta, where crude oil exploration, transportation, and refining activities frequently result in environmental contamination. This study investigated the remediation of hydrocarbon-impacted soil using CLOGEN, a locally developed electro-ionic biopolymer formulated by Andelsta Ltd. and approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria under Patent No. R.16273. Laboratory and field investigations were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of CLOGEN in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. Site characterization revealed that the soil lithology consisted of sand, sandy clay, silty clay, coarse sand, and fine sand, with the site predominantly classified as a clay-based soil. The fine-grained clay structure exhibited low effective porosity and a high affinity for petroleum hydrocarbons due to strong adsorption characteristics. The nitrate concentration in the soil ranged from 10.06 mg/kg to 27.42 mg/kg, while ammonium concentration reached a maximum value of 11.018 mg/kg, indicating low nitrogen availability and the need for nutrient supplementation during remediation to maintain an optimum carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus (C:N:P) ratio for microbial activity. Initial TPH concentrations ranged from 454 mg/kg to 8,528 mg/kg, exceeding the permissible limit of 1,000 mg/kg established by the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). Soil samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine changes in physicochemical properties and microbiological activity. The results revealed a substantial reduction in TPH concentrations, with remediation efficiency reaching up to 96%, thereby reducing contamination levels to within regulatory standards. Furthermore, the remediation process enhanced microbial population density and improved soil nutrient balance, indicating the capability of CLOGEN to restore ecological functionality in hydrocarbon-impacted soils. Overall, the findings demonstrate that CLOGEN is an effective and environmentally sustainable remediation agent for petroleum-polluted environments in the Niger Delta.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen
AU  - Abowei Bright Kenyas
AU  - Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde
AU  - Titus Ndiele Amadi
AU  - Jaja Zina
Y1  - 2026/10/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13
T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
SP  - 169
EP  - 177
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8613
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13
AB  - Hydrocarbon pollution of soil remains one of the most critical environmental challenges in oil-producing regions such as the Niger Delta, where crude oil exploration, transportation, and refining activities frequently result in environmental contamination. This study investigated the remediation of hydrocarbon-impacted soil using CLOGEN, a locally developed electro-ionic biopolymer formulated by Andelsta Ltd. and approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria under Patent No. R.16273. Laboratory and field investigations were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of CLOGEN in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. Site characterization revealed that the soil lithology consisted of sand, sandy clay, silty clay, coarse sand, and fine sand, with the site predominantly classified as a clay-based soil. The fine-grained clay structure exhibited low effective porosity and a high affinity for petroleum hydrocarbons due to strong adsorption characteristics. The nitrate concentration in the soil ranged from 10.06 mg/kg to 27.42 mg/kg, while ammonium concentration reached a maximum value of 11.018 mg/kg, indicating low nitrogen availability and the need for nutrient supplementation during remediation to maintain an optimum carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus (C:N:P) ratio for microbial activity. Initial TPH concentrations ranged from 454 mg/kg to 8,528 mg/kg, exceeding the permissible limit of 1,000 mg/kg established by the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). Soil samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine changes in physicochemical properties and microbiological activity. The results revealed a substantial reduction in TPH concentrations, with remediation efficiency reaching up to 96%, thereby reducing contamination levels to within regulatory standards. Furthermore, the remediation process enhanced microbial population density and improved soil nutrient balance, indicating the capability of CLOGEN to restore ecological functionality in hydrocarbon-impacted soils. Overall, the findings demonstrate that CLOGEN is an effective and environmentally sustainable remediation agent for petroleum-polluted environments in the Niger Delta.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Abowei Bright Kenyas

Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

http://orcid.org/0009-0006-9138-3933
Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde

Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-8644
Titus Ndiele Amadi

Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-5131-9552
Jaja Zina

Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-4426-942X

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APA Style

Kenyas, A. B., Dagde, K. K., Amadi, T. N., Zina, J. (2026). Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 14(5), 169-177. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13

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ACS Style

Kenyas, A. B.; Dagde, K. K.; Amadi, T. N.; Zina, J. Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2026, 14(5), 169-177. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13

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AMA Style

Kenyas AB, Dagde KK, Amadi TN, Zina J. Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen. Am J Chem Eng. 2026;14(5):169-177. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13,
  author = {Abowei Bright Kenyas and Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde and Titus Ndiele Amadi and Jaja Zina},
  title = {Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {169-177},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20261405.13},
  abstract = {Hydrocarbon pollution of soil remains one of the most critical environmental challenges in oil-producing regions such as the Niger Delta, where crude oil exploration, transportation, and refining activities frequently result in environmental contamination. This study investigated the remediation of hydrocarbon-impacted soil using CLOGEN, a locally developed electro-ionic biopolymer formulated by Andelsta Ltd. and approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria under Patent No. R.16273. Laboratory and field investigations were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of CLOGEN in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. Site characterization revealed that the soil lithology consisted of sand, sandy clay, silty clay, coarse sand, and fine sand, with the site predominantly classified as a clay-based soil. The fine-grained clay structure exhibited low effective porosity and a high affinity for petroleum hydrocarbons due to strong adsorption characteristics. The nitrate concentration in the soil ranged from 10.06 mg/kg to 27.42 mg/kg, while ammonium concentration reached a maximum value of 11.018 mg/kg, indicating low nitrogen availability and the need for nutrient supplementation during remediation to maintain an optimum carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus (C:N:P) ratio for microbial activity. Initial TPH concentrations ranged from 454 mg/kg to 8,528 mg/kg, exceeding the permissible limit of 1,000 mg/kg established by the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). Soil samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine changes in physicochemical properties and microbiological activity. The results revealed a substantial reduction in TPH concentrations, with remediation efficiency reaching up to 96%, thereby reducing contamination levels to within regulatory standards. Furthermore, the remediation process enhanced microbial population density and improved soil nutrient balance, indicating the capability of CLOGEN to restore ecological functionality in hydrocarbon-impacted soils. Overall, the findings demonstrate that CLOGEN is an effective and environmentally sustainable remediation agent for petroleum-polluted environments in the Niger Delta.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Remediation of Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil Using Clogen
AU  - Abowei Bright Kenyas
AU  - Kenneth Kekpugile Dagde
AU  - Titus Ndiele Amadi
AU  - Jaja Zina
Y1  - 2026/10/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13
T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
SP  - 169
EP  - 177
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8613
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20261405.13
AB  - Hydrocarbon pollution of soil remains one of the most critical environmental challenges in oil-producing regions such as the Niger Delta, where crude oil exploration, transportation, and refining activities frequently result in environmental contamination. This study investigated the remediation of hydrocarbon-impacted soil using CLOGEN, a locally developed electro-ionic biopolymer formulated by Andelsta Ltd. and approved by the Federal Government of Nigeria under Patent No. R.16273. Laboratory and field investigations were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of CLOGEN in reducing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soils. Site characterization revealed that the soil lithology consisted of sand, sandy clay, silty clay, coarse sand, and fine sand, with the site predominantly classified as a clay-based soil. The fine-grained clay structure exhibited low effective porosity and a high affinity for petroleum hydrocarbons due to strong adsorption characteristics. The nitrate concentration in the soil ranged from 10.06 mg/kg to 27.42 mg/kg, while ammonium concentration reached a maximum value of 11.018 mg/kg, indicating low nitrogen availability and the need for nutrient supplementation during remediation to maintain an optimum carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus (C:N:P) ratio for microbial activity. Initial TPH concentrations ranged from 454 mg/kg to 8,528 mg/kg, exceeding the permissible limit of 1,000 mg/kg established by the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA). Soil samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine changes in physicochemical properties and microbiological activity. The results revealed a substantial reduction in TPH concentrations, with remediation efficiency reaching up to 96%, thereby reducing contamination levels to within regulatory standards. Furthermore, the remediation process enhanced microbial population density and improved soil nutrient balance, indicating the capability of CLOGEN to restore ecological functionality in hydrocarbon-impacted soils. Overall, the findings demonstrate that CLOGEN is an effective and environmentally sustainable remediation agent for petroleum-polluted environments in the Niger Delta.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
ER  -

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