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Analyzing Motivation Factors for NASCAR Spectators with Self-Determination Theory
Yayun Liu,
Leon Chen,
Xiaofen Keating,
Mark Still,
Shihui Chen
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019
Pages:
78-87
Received:
10 March 2019
Accepted:
10 June 2019
Published:
30 July 2019
Abstract: Research in consumer motivation might ignore auto racing sport that features the number one of fan attendance for single sport event in America. What would be the explicit motives to push individuals themselves or the incentives to pull the spectators with attractive benefits of NASCAR events? If motives exist among the NASCAR fans, would there be a need to discover them with an appropriate measurement tool? This study was conducted to explore specific motives of NASCAR spectators, and develop valid and reliable instrument underlying motivational theories. Participants (N = 650) voluntarily responded to Inventory of Motivation for Auto Racing Spectators (IMARS) in a NASCAR event. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were utilized to explore and confirm the 5-factor (Affiliation, Experience, Gratification, Socialization, and Substance) model with 15 indicators. The statistical analyses revealed acceptable goodness fit indexes of IMARS by the observed data (X2/df = 3/63, GFI = .95, CFI = .92, IFI = .91, RMSR = .036). The validities and internal consistency reliability were examined with satisfactory results. The essential motives were explored in this study and a reliable instrument for utility of NASCAR marketing professionals was produced. The study provided quantitative evidences to support the motivation theories and enriched spectator motivation in sport motivation literatures.
Abstract: Research in consumer motivation might ignore auto racing sport that features the number one of fan attendance for single sport event in America. What would be the explicit motives to push individuals themselves or the incentives to pull the spectators with attractive benefits of NASCAR events? If motives exist among the NASCAR fans, would there be ...
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Anabolic Steroids Effects on Bone Regeneration
José Carlos Pansieri,
Alessandra Esteves,
Wagner Costa Rossi Junior
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019
Pages:
88-93
Received:
9 June 2019
Accepted:
16 July 2019
Published:
30 July 2019
Abstract: In recent decades, the importance given to body appearance has grown dramatically, as has the consumption of so-called "body image drugs," which include androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS), synthetic substances derived from testosterone. Although the therapeutic use of anabolic steroids are beneficial and necessary to body when there is reduction or depletion of these substances, the excessive use is related to negative interference in fracture healing process. Thus, the objective of study was to verify if there is influence of AAS in process of bone repair. For this, twenty Wistar rats were used, in which a fracture with bone loss was performed on left fibular diaphysis. Subsequently, they were divided into four groups and the animals were treated for one (1) month, with physiological solution (0.02 ml), Durateston® (83.3 mg / kg [0.02 ml]) and Deca Durabolin® (16.6 mg / kg [0.02 ml]), applied once a week. The results showed that there was a significant loss in bone healing on groups treated with AAS, since there was no regeneration in fractured fibula, besides increasing resorption process at the ends of fracture stumps. For this reason it is possible to conclude that the misuse of AAS interferes negatively in metabolism of bone tissue reinforcing the danger of indiscriminate use for health, warning that, addition other biological tissues, the bone may be affected by abuse of these substances.
Abstract: In recent decades, the importance given to body appearance has grown dramatically, as has the consumption of so-called "body image drugs," which include androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS), synthetic substances derived from testosterone. Although the therapeutic use of anabolic steroids are beneficial and necessary to body when there is reduction or...
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Effects of Legislative Mandates, Education Type, and Education Provider on Concussion Education for Student Athletes
Miriam Carroll-Alfano,
Roberta DePompei,
Nickola Wolf Nelson
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019
Pages:
94-102
Received:
23 June 2019
Accepted:
19 July 2019
Published:
5 August 2019
Abstract: Most states in the United States have enacted legislation mandating concussion education for student-athletes; however, it is not clear if such legislation leads to all students receiving the mandated education or if this education is associated with greater awareness of concussion symptoms. This work investigates whether collegiate student-athletes report receiving legislatively-mandated concussion education, and whether this varies by gender and sport. This study also investigates what methods are being used to deliver education, who is providing the education, and if receiving education is associated with an increase in ability to name the various signs and symptoms of concussion. One hundred and fifty-seven collegiate athletes from a private Midwestern university completed anonymous surveys asking about participation in high school concussion education programs, the type of education received, and who provided it. Participants were also asked to name concussion symptoms. Despite legislative mandates, 20% of student-athletes reported not receiving concussion education in high school, with women more likely to report not receiving education relative to men. The percentage reporting not receiving legislatively-mandated concussion education did not decrease over the five year period since legislation went into effect. The most common education method reported was casual conversation, and the most common providers were athletic trainers and coaches. Athletes reporting education showed no difference in ability to name concussion signs and symptoms, compared to those who reported no education. The type of education provided and the role of the person providing the education was not associated with ability to name a cognitive or behavioral signs and symptom. Legislatively-mandated concussion education is either not being delivered to all student-athletes or is not being delivered in a manner that can be remembered and reported. Education as currently being delivered is not effective in increasing awareness of diverse cognitive and behavioral signs and symptoms of concussion.
Abstract: Most states in the United States have enacted legislation mandating concussion education for student-athletes; however, it is not clear if such legislation leads to all students receiving the mandated education or if this education is associated with greater awareness of concussion symptoms. This work investigates whether collegiate student-athlete...
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Correlation Between the Kinematic Parameters Situation the Free Kick of Elite Players
Dujaka Aziz,
Sokoli Bylbyl
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019
Pages:
103-110
Received:
7 July 2019
Accepted:
26 July 2019
Published:
10 August 2019
Abstract: This research is aimed at reviewing the correlation of seven situational kinematics parameters of the free kick of the elite soccer players (Cristiano Ronaldo): Angle of approach, Distance of free kick to the middle of the goal, Distance of the ball approach, Number of steps of ball approach, Length of the last step, Distance between the ball and the support leg, Angel inclination of the support leg. We used the cinematographical method through Kinovea- and Photo Suite 4, to 30 free kick videos -You Tube. Measurements of kinematics variables are measured directly in some frames to stages of movement, and after basic statistical analysis and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r). With six first variables we have analyzed the Approach phase where correlations significant positive relationships expressed variables Number of steps of ball approach - Ns with three other variables: Distance of the ball approach - Da, r = 0.431 (p =.020) and The length of the last step - Ls, r = 0.397 (p =.033) and Angle inclination of the support leg - ɸ, r = 0.443 (p = 0.018). as well as the variable Length of the last step –Ls, which also has significant positive relations correlations with the variable Distance of the ball approach, running start -Da, r = 0.745 (p =.000). Relationships between the off side and the free location and the angle of approach, the kicking in the same angle of the same side of approach have a value of about 30 degrees, and if it falls to the opposite angle of the opposite side, the angle of access has a value of about 50 deg.
Abstract: This research is aimed at reviewing the correlation of seven situational kinematics parameters of the free kick of the elite soccer players (Cristiano Ronaldo): Angle of approach, Distance of free kick to the middle of the goal, Distance of the ball approach, Number of steps of ball approach, Length of the last step, Distance between the ball and t...
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Influence of Age, Ethnicity and Sex on Body Composition Thresholds for the Accumulation of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Adults
Rachel Marie Watson,
Philip Ray Stanforth,
Anna Elizabeth Talley,
Matthew Alan Stults-Kolehmainen
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019
Pages:
111-120
Received:
26 June 2019
Accepted:
4 August 2019
Published:
23 August 2019
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of age, ethnicity, and sex on the body fat percentage (BF%) threshold, the point above which visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increases more rapidly. Participants were 1,756 females and 1,455 males, 18-75 years of age, who had a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan. Using segmented linear regression models for each sex and ethnicity category, the BF% thresholds were identified. The BF% thresholds for females were: Asian 29.2%, Black 35.6%, Hispanic 31.7%, and White 34.2%. For males, they were: Asian 25.3%, Black 23.9%, Hispanic 24.3%, and White 22.8%. Post-threshold, the impact of BF% was amplified for older females (β = 0.28, SE =0.03, p < .001) and males (β = 0.81, SE = 0.06, p < .001). BF% had a weaker association with VAT mass for Black compared to White females (β = -3.05, SE = 1.44, p < .05) and Asian compared to White males (β = -11.40, SE = 2.30, p < .001). The BF% threshold was higher in females and varied more with ethnicity in females. Post-threshold the association of BF% with VAT differed by age and ethnicity, although the influence of ethnicity was different in females than males.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of age, ethnicity, and sex on the body fat percentage (BF%) threshold, the point above which visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increases more rapidly. Participants were 1,756 females and 1,455 males, 18-75 years of age, who had a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan. Using segmented linear regression...
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Reaction Time and Spatiotemporal Variables as Markers of Sprint Start Performance
Ioannis Kesoglou,
Athanasia Smirniotou
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019
Pages:
121-126
Received:
29 July 2019
Accepted:
19 August 2019
Published:
3 September 2019
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine both the within-day and between-day reliability of sprint start variables. The reaction time and the premotor time (PMT) were used as markers of the reactive function. Additionally, 3-m time, first-step flight time, first-step length and first-step velocity were utilized as spatiotemporal markers of the sprint start. Prior to the reliability study, an extensive number of sprint start trials were performed to familiarize the participants. A repeated measures analysis of variance, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient were used to assess the within-day and between-day reliability. The coefficient of variation (CV%) was evaluated to determine the within-participant variation. Both the within-day and between-day spatiotemporal markers showed higher reliability with lower variability from the reactive function markers. This study shows that well-familiarized participants can perform a reliable sprint start performance both within a day and between days. We conclude that the reactive markers have a high variability within a day and between days and require further research to determine their dynamic role in the sprint start action. Therefore, spatiotemporal markers provide a more valid method of sprint start assessment.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine both the within-day and between-day reliability of sprint start variables. The reaction time and the premotor time (PMT) were used as markers of the reactive function. Additionally, 3-m time, first-step flight time, first-step length and first-step velocity were utilized as spatiotemporal markers of t...
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Adequate Energy Intake Prevents Low Bone Mass Under Exercise and Low Intake of Nutrients in Young Female Rats
Yuki Aikawa,
Yuya Kakutani,
Umon Agata,
Satoshi Hattori,
Hitomi Ogata,
Ken Kiyono,
Ikuko Ezawa,
Naomi Omi
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2019
Pages:
127-135
Received:
14 August 2019
Accepted:
9 September 2019
Published:
19 September 2019
Abstract: We examined the effects of adequate energy intake on bone strength and bone mass under exercise and low nutrient intake using a rat model of the female athlete triad (FAT). Seven-week-old female rats were divided into four groups: sedentary and ad libitum feeding group (SED), exercise and ad libitum feeding group (EX), exercise and 30% food restriction group (EX-FR), and exercise, 30% food restriction and adequate energy intake group (EX-FR + Ene). Excise groups were performed a voluntary running. The EX-FR + Ene group was fed glucose ad-libitum to adequate energy intake. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. The energy availability, internal organ weight, bone size, bone strength, bone mass, and calcium absorption in the EX-FR group were significantly lower than those in the EX group. There were no significant differences in these parameters except bone strength in between the EX and EX-FR + Ene groups. The breaking energy in the EX-FR + Ene group was significantly lower than those in the EX group. Our results provide evidence that adequate energy intake is important for optimal bone growth in young female athletes.
Abstract: We examined the effects of adequate energy intake on bone strength and bone mass under exercise and low nutrient intake using a rat model of the female athlete triad (FAT). Seven-week-old female rats were divided into four groups: sedentary and ad libitum feeding group (SED), exercise and ad libitum feeding group (EX), exercise and 30% food restric...
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