Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code

Josephine Omi Obasohan; Rita Akpata

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22

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Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code

Josephine Omi Obasohan^*

, Rita Akpata

Published in International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 8, Issue 3)

Received: 23 June 2025 Accepted: 25 July 2025 Published: 9 September 2025

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Abstract

Cybercrime and ritualism pose significant challenges to Nigeria’s social, economic and legal systems. Cybercrime has damaged Nigeria’s international reputation, deterred foreign investment, and caused significant financial losses for individuals and businesses alike. Despite the enactment of legislation such as the Cybercrime Act and the existing Criminal Code, the rate of cybercrime continues to rise, and reports of ritualistic problems in Nigeria that need to be addressed alongside legal reforms. This paper critically analyses the Nigerian Criminal Code provisions under cybercrime and ritualism. The study seeks to examine the provision of the Nigerian Criminal Code and Cybercrimes Act 2015; the socio-economic and cultural factors driving the rise of cybercrime and ritualism; effectiveness of law enforcement agencies and the judiciary in addressing these crimes, and to propose legal and policy recommendations aimed at curbing the prevalence of cybercrime and ritualism in Nigeria. The doctrinal methodology was adopted for the study and data were sourced from primary and secondary sources. The study finds that there is an inadequate specificity of the Nigerian Criminal Code on Cybercrime. It was found that the Criminal Code lacked specific provisions to address the growing problem of cybercrime in Nigeria. The study also found that the Cybercrime Act 2015 was a significant milestone in addressing the shortcomings of the Criminal Code regarding cybercrime. Even with the Cybercrime Act 2015 in place, law enforcement agencies face challenges in gathering sufficient evidence to successfully to prosecute cybercrime cases. The Nigerian Criminal Code contains general provisions that can be used to prosecute ritual killings under sections related to murder, kidnapping, grievous harm, and conspiracy. However, the Code does not explicitly address ritualistic motivations, which are often central to such crimes in Nigeria. The lack of a specific legal framework for ritualism means that cultural factors and the spiritual beliefs behind ritual killings are not adequately addressed in court proceedings.

Published in	International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22
Page(s)	249-260
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cyber, Crime, Ritualism, Criminal-code, Nigeria

References

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Obasohan, J. O., Akpata, R. (2025). Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code. International Journal of Law and Society, 8(3), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22

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Obasohan, J. O.; Akpata, R. Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code. Int. J. Law Soc. 2025, 8(3), 249-260. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22

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Obasohan JO, Akpata R. Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code. Int J Law Soc. 2025;8(3):249-260. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22

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@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22,
  author = {Josephine Omi Obasohan and Rita Akpata},
  title = {Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code
},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {249-260},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20250803.22},
  abstract = {Cybercrime and ritualism pose significant challenges to Nigeria’s social, economic and legal systems. Cybercrime has damaged Nigeria’s international reputation, deterred foreign investment, and caused significant financial losses for individuals and businesses alike. Despite the enactment of legislation such as the Cybercrime Act and the existing Criminal Code, the rate of cybercrime continues to rise, and reports of ritualistic problems in Nigeria that need to be addressed alongside legal reforms. This paper critically analyses the Nigerian Criminal Code provisions under cybercrime and ritualism. The study seeks to examine the provision of the Nigerian Criminal Code and Cybercrimes Act 2015; the socio-economic and cultural factors driving the rise of cybercrime and ritualism; effectiveness of law enforcement agencies and the judiciary in addressing these crimes, and to propose legal and policy recommendations aimed at curbing the prevalence of cybercrime and ritualism in Nigeria. The doctrinal methodology was adopted for the study and data were sourced from primary and secondary sources. The study finds that there is an inadequate specificity of the Nigerian Criminal Code on Cybercrime. It was found that the Criminal Code lacked specific provisions to address the growing problem of cybercrime in Nigeria. The study also found that the Cybercrime Act 2015 was a significant milestone in addressing the shortcomings of the Criminal Code regarding cybercrime. Even with the Cybercrime Act 2015 in place, law enforcement agencies face challenges in gathering sufficient evidence to successfully to prosecute cybercrime cases. The Nigerian Criminal Code contains general provisions that can be used to prosecute ritual killings under sections related to murder, kidnapping, grievous harm, and conspiracy. However, the Code does not explicitly address ritualistic motivations, which are often central to such crimes in Nigeria. The lack of a specific legal framework for ritualism means that cultural factors and the spiritual beliefs behind ritual killings are not adequately addressed in court proceedings.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code

AU  - Josephine Omi Obasohan
AU  - Rita Akpata
Y1  - 2025/09/09
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22
T2  - International Journal of Law and Society
JF  - International Journal of Law and Society
JO  - International Journal of Law and Society
SP  - 249
EP  - 260
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1908
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22
AB  - Cybercrime and ritualism pose significant challenges to Nigeria’s social, economic and legal systems. Cybercrime has damaged Nigeria’s international reputation, deterred foreign investment, and caused significant financial losses for individuals and businesses alike. Despite the enactment of legislation such as the Cybercrime Act and the existing Criminal Code, the rate of cybercrime continues to rise, and reports of ritualistic problems in Nigeria that need to be addressed alongside legal reforms. This paper critically analyses the Nigerian Criminal Code provisions under cybercrime and ritualism. The study seeks to examine the provision of the Nigerian Criminal Code and Cybercrimes Act 2015; the socio-economic and cultural factors driving the rise of cybercrime and ritualism; effectiveness of law enforcement agencies and the judiciary in addressing these crimes, and to propose legal and policy recommendations aimed at curbing the prevalence of cybercrime and ritualism in Nigeria. The doctrinal methodology was adopted for the study and data were sourced from primary and secondary sources. The study finds that there is an inadequate specificity of the Nigerian Criminal Code on Cybercrime. It was found that the Criminal Code lacked specific provisions to address the growing problem of cybercrime in Nigeria. The study also found that the Cybercrime Act 2015 was a significant milestone in addressing the shortcomings of the Criminal Code regarding cybercrime. Even with the Cybercrime Act 2015 in place, law enforcement agencies face challenges in gathering sufficient evidence to successfully to prosecute cybercrime cases. The Nigerian Criminal Code contains general provisions that can be used to prosecute ritual killings under sections related to murder, kidnapping, grievous harm, and conspiracy. However, the Code does not explicitly address ritualistic motivations, which are often central to such crimes in Nigeria. The lack of a specific legal framework for ritualism means that cultural factors and the spiritual beliefs behind ritual killings are not adequately addressed in court proceedings.

VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Josephine Omi Obasohan

Faculty of Law, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria

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http://orcid.org/0009-0002-7749-1082
Rita Akpata

Faculty of Law, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-4545-0363

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APA Style

Obasohan, J. O., Akpata, R. (2025). Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code. International Journal of Law and Society, 8(3), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22

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ACS Style

Obasohan, J. O.; Akpata, R. Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code. Int. J. Law Soc. 2025, 8(3), 249-260. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22

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AMA Style

Obasohan JO, Akpata R. Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code. Int J Law Soc. 2025;8(3):249-260. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22,
  author = {Josephine Omi Obasohan and Rita Akpata},
  title = {Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code
},
  journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {249-260},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20250803.22},
  abstract = {Cybercrime and ritualism pose significant challenges to Nigeria’s social, economic and legal systems. Cybercrime has damaged Nigeria’s international reputation, deterred foreign investment, and caused significant financial losses for individuals and businesses alike. Despite the enactment of legislation such as the Cybercrime Act and the existing Criminal Code, the rate of cybercrime continues to rise, and reports of ritualistic problems in Nigeria that need to be addressed alongside legal reforms. This paper critically analyses the Nigerian Criminal Code provisions under cybercrime and ritualism. The study seeks to examine the provision of the Nigerian Criminal Code and Cybercrimes Act 2015; the socio-economic and cultural factors driving the rise of cybercrime and ritualism; effectiveness of law enforcement agencies and the judiciary in addressing these crimes, and to propose legal and policy recommendations aimed at curbing the prevalence of cybercrime and ritualism in Nigeria. The doctrinal methodology was adopted for the study and data were sourced from primary and secondary sources. The study finds that there is an inadequate specificity of the Nigerian Criminal Code on Cybercrime. It was found that the Criminal Code lacked specific provisions to address the growing problem of cybercrime in Nigeria. The study also found that the Cybercrime Act 2015 was a significant milestone in addressing the shortcomings of the Criminal Code regarding cybercrime. Even with the Cybercrime Act 2015 in place, law enforcement agencies face challenges in gathering sufficient evidence to successfully to prosecute cybercrime cases. The Nigerian Criminal Code contains general provisions that can be used to prosecute ritual killings under sections related to murder, kidnapping, grievous harm, and conspiracy. However, the Code does not explicitly address ritualistic motivations, which are often central to such crimes in Nigeria. The lack of a specific legal framework for ritualism means that cultural factors and the spiritual beliefs behind ritual killings are not adequately addressed in court proceedings.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cybercrime and Ritualism: An Analysis Under the Criminal Code

AU  - Josephine Omi Obasohan
AU  - Rita Akpata
Y1  - 2025/09/09
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22
T2  - International Journal of Law and Society
JF  - International Journal of Law and Society
JO  - International Journal of Law and Society
SP  - 249
EP  - 260
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1908
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250803.22
AB  - Cybercrime and ritualism pose significant challenges to Nigeria’s social, economic and legal systems. Cybercrime has damaged Nigeria’s international reputation, deterred foreign investment, and caused significant financial losses for individuals and businesses alike. Despite the enactment of legislation such as the Cybercrime Act and the existing Criminal Code, the rate of cybercrime continues to rise, and reports of ritualistic problems in Nigeria that need to be addressed alongside legal reforms. This paper critically analyses the Nigerian Criminal Code provisions under cybercrime and ritualism. The study seeks to examine the provision of the Nigerian Criminal Code and Cybercrimes Act 2015; the socio-economic and cultural factors driving the rise of cybercrime and ritualism; effectiveness of law enforcement agencies and the judiciary in addressing these crimes, and to propose legal and policy recommendations aimed at curbing the prevalence of cybercrime and ritualism in Nigeria. The doctrinal methodology was adopted for the study and data were sourced from primary and secondary sources. The study finds that there is an inadequate specificity of the Nigerian Criminal Code on Cybercrime. It was found that the Criminal Code lacked specific provisions to address the growing problem of cybercrime in Nigeria. The study also found that the Cybercrime Act 2015 was a significant milestone in addressing the shortcomings of the Criminal Code regarding cybercrime. Even with the Cybercrime Act 2015 in place, law enforcement agencies face challenges in gathering sufficient evidence to successfully to prosecute cybercrime cases. The Nigerian Criminal Code contains general provisions that can be used to prosecute ritual killings under sections related to murder, kidnapping, grievous harm, and conspiracy. However, the Code does not explicitly address ritualistic motivations, which are often central to such crimes in Nigeria. The lack of a specific legal framework for ritualism means that cultural factors and the spiritual beliefs behind ritual killings are not adequately addressed in court proceedings.

VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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